Canadian Mountain Holidays - Walking to the top

Watch the butterflies rise above the pristine mountain ranges aboard a helicopter. Enjoy exclusive access to the vast wilderness of the Rocky Mountains along with the seasonal high mountain guides of the company Canadian Mountain Holidays. Reach the top of a peak overlooking a granite chasm one kilometer high. Test your limits by climbing safely vertiginous cliffs on cables, fixed ladders and rungs of a via ferrata. Follow high ridges and glacial moraines, cross meadows carpeted with wildflowers and surrounded by forest gorges. Scoot along a zip line, above whitewater rivers rushing. Unleash the adventurer in you and enjoy a spike of adrenaline and joy of the exploits. Having conquered the mountains, relax in a cottage in the countryside with views of glaciers peaks. After this hike, soothe your hunger with a tasty dinner washed down with a well cellared with your fellow wine adventures. To relax your muscles, then choose between a massage, sauna or a soak in the hot tub on the roof.

Why you should go there

Reach the top of a rocky peak that you thought inaccessible.

Cross a snowy glacier roped in good company of your fellow travelers.

Scream your lungs atop a rock wall in a refreshing waterfall spray.

Battle your passage between the treetops along a high wire course breathtaking.

Slide along a zip line over a river whitewater unleashed.

Go through a cable-stayed bridge across a ravine to make you shudder, 600 meters deep.

At the end of the day, relax in a cottage mountain with an outdoor hot tub and sauna.

Be proud of the feat accomplished after exceeding your limits.

Weather

In summer, the weather is usually nice and sunny but temperatures in the mountains can range from 10 ° C to 29 ° C during the day to go down between -1 ° C and 15 ° C at night. The weather can be extremely variable, sometimes colder temperatures, rain, wind and occasional snow.0

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Tourism in turkey

Building political

Nature of the system: the Republic.

The nature of the ruling and title: head of state and a prime minister.

Name the capital Ankara.

Geography

Area: 783.562 square kilometers (302.535 square miles).

Population: 79749461 inhabitants (2011 estimate).

Geographical features and landmarks: linking Turkey between the Asian and European continents, spanning a large area (97%) in the Asian continent, while Turkey's European form an area of ​​3% of the entire state. In Turkey Amadiqan Maúaan separating between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, two Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits.

Turkey is rectangular in shape with a length of 1,600 kilometers and 800 kilometers displayed and surrounded by the sea on three sides: the Aegean Sea (west) and the Black Sea (north) and the Mediterranean (south), and there is the Sea of ​​Marmara (northwest).

Formed a diverse landscape in Turkey across the floor of many movements occurred in the region over thousands of years, which is somewhat active earthquakes and volcanoes.

Internal partition, and places milestone: Turkey consists of 81 administrative province, where each province is composed of areas totaling 923 total boycott. The provinces are usually called on the name of its capital. In terms of the central cities at the level of population Valtksama are as follows: Istanbul (13 million), Ankara (5 million), Izmir (4 million), Bursa (3 million) and Adana (2 million).

Longitude and latitude: latitude 35 degrees and 43 degrees north, longitude 25 degrees and 45 degrees east longitude.

Community

Nationalities: What distinguishes the Turkish state that they see in every person is linked to a relationship of citizenship with the state "Turkey", and therefore there are no statistics internal minutes about the ethnic composition of the Dhol, while statistics indicate that foreign and international that the majority of the population are of Turkish race, Na constitutes almost 70. 75%.

The Kurds are the largest race of non-Turkish race and live mainly in the southeastern provinces, and the number is estimated at approximately 20% of the population. There are other ethnic minorities are recognized, namely: Armenians, Greeks and Jews, and small groups of Abkhazians, Albanians, Arabs, Assyrians, Bosnians, Circassians, Georgians and «Alhamhinyin», and «Laz», and Pomak and Roma, and minorities of Western Europe.

Turkey and live outside large communities of Turkey is estimated in the millions in Europe, America, Canada and Australia, where the form of the Turkish community in Germany, for example, the largest foreign community there.

Demographics: Religion: Turkey is a secular state constitution grants freedom of belief and religion, despite the fact that the majority of Muslim population, where they make up about 97-99% of the population. The equivalent proportion of them Sunni (85-90%), while the Shiites and Alawites understanding (10-15%).

Official Language: Turkish is the sole official language in Turkey.

Other languages​​: Some statistics indicate that approximately 70-75% of the population speak it, speak the Kurdish language as approximately 18%. There are also other languages ​​such as Arabic, Bosnian, Circassian and Kurdish.

Official Religion: No official religion of the Turkish state.

Other religions: Christians, the proportion of 0.6% -0.9% (largest Orthodox denominations), Jews represent approximately 0.04% and other small communities such as the Yazidis and Sabean Mandaean and Manichaean.

Date

Old Date: Island Anatolia of the oldest inhabited areas in the world, where there are residential life began in the Neolithic period, and it appeared the famous Trojan. Since then, successive this place peoples and tribes, such as the European Hittites from India who founded the first major empire in the region during the eighteenth century BC. And until the thirteenth century, then the Assyrians who settled in some parts of southeast Turkey in 1950 BC. Until then rule 612 Elvirjeon Asia Minor and followed by the rise of Lydia in the seventh century BC. It was founded on historically central cities and colonies such as Ephesus and Byzantium (Constantinople, which became Istanbul). Then founded Armenia, the first state established in Anatolia, and then came the Persian invasion during the fifth and sixth centuries and then Alexander the Great in 334 BC .. then Tksmt Anatolia for a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms, which in turn surrendered to the Republic of Romania in the mid-first century BC. .. in 324 the Roman Emperor Constantine called the name of the new Rome on the city of Byzantium to become the new capital of the empire of Romania, Constantinople became the center of Eastern Christianity and cultural centers globally.

After the fall of the Western Empire, Romania, Turkey became the capital of the Eastern Empire Romania where most of the complexity of the Ecumenical Councils. Then succeeded to occupy the mid-Anatolian Seljuks and the establishment of a Muslim kingdom where, as the Byzantines managed to recover from the Taurus during the tenth century and occupied Antioch and Aleppo. During the Crusades, founded the Kingdom of Konya in southern Turkey, in addition to the current Principality of Antioch, has tended toward the Fourth Crusade Constantinople itself and occupied in 1261 is that the state did not last long.

He was inside Turkey Current (Anatolia) is divided into states and provinces, a small Islamist rival throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, even emerged Osman first warrior Byzantines and occupied cities and fortresses under their control, and then he and his successors Balastdarh towards small kingdoms neighbors and found that the Ottoman state.

Osman first rule his kingdom until 1326, and after his death his son Orhan paint occupation authority succeeded Stock Exchange and expanded the borders of the state and the forces of the economy, to witness the first state in the custody of the stability of the Ottomans in Europe. It stations distinguishing in the Ottoman state, the control of Bayezid I on the city of months last property rum in Asia Minor, and the victory over Bulgaria in 1393, which hit Europe panicked and mobilized at the request of Pope Boniface IX crusade involving Hungary, France and Bavaria, Rhodes, Venice, England, Austria and the Knights of St. John , but failed to restore Alamatq territories. In 1402 landed in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, however, after the defeat of Tamerlane the Ottomans at the Battle of Ankara. This led to a fierce civil wars broke even managed Mohammed first of singling out the sentence, and then his successor, Mehmed II who conquered Constantinople and Istanbul called it, the "Takht-e-Islam" or "City of Islam". After that came Mehmed part of Greece, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Albania. After his death, civil war broke out between and has gm and Bayezid II, and after the victory of Bayezid united Empire seconds.

Contemporary history: the reign of Sultan Selim I, the Ottoman expansion in the south and east, occupied the majority of the regions of the Middle East after the Battle of Marj glutinous year 1516. and after the occupation of Mecca and Medina, and Jerusalem became sultan Selim I and Khalifa. Then succeeded by his son Suleiman the Magnificent, who arrived in the state in his reign to the height of its power militarily and economically, has concluded the first alliance between Alosmanin and Europe represented by France against Europe itself, as continued military conquests. After his death, the state would at least began slowly, and teams Janissaries became a tool of state power to the tool weakness Fajlat number of sultans and bone the breasts and killed others. It also lagged the Ottoman Empire on the achievements of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, where the West developed a new system of life. Continued "phase of stagnation" this until the nineteenth century sultans began trying to update the European transport, uniforms enter the western and European schools were canceled and replaced by the Janissaries regular teams in the reign of Mahmud II. Then began the first reform Abdul Majid, known as "the period of regulation", but defeats the state and the regions of alienation exacerbated by the continued and, to the extent that the Ottoman Empire declared bankruptcy twice in that period. In 1878 Abdul Hamid II tried to stop the labor reforms, which culminated in the declaration of the Ottoman Constitution and the opening of Parliament, what has been shown to curse Almsahlin.

Failure Abdul Hamid II in the control of the state, federal and became the country's rulers actual, Vchrisoa Turkish nationalism in the country and abroad. During the First World War, the state was part of the Axis powers that defeated and forced to evacuate all non-Turkish territory with the signing of a truce Modros 1918.

After that, Turkey has been a center of Ottoman rule until 1922, where dislocation Mohammed VI, last sultans, and abolished by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the Caliphate final in 1924 was dominated by Turkey after the First World War nationalist movement headed by Ataturk, whose name means "Father of the Turks", has announced the establishment of the Turkish Republic and took over the presidency in 1923, until his death in 1938, Atatürk succeeded in conducting the secular regime in Turkey, to lay several Western habits and replace them write Arabic in Latin letters.

Turkish Republic remained neutral in most of the Second World War, but they entered the side of the Allies in 1945 and in 1945 became a member of the United Nations. Turkey has been facing difficulties with Greece in the suppression of the Communist tide, and after the war, the Soviet Union emerged as the demands of military bases in the Turkish Straits, which prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947, which included a major intervention for the American army, in addition to economic support.

In 1945, over control of the one-party system and the transformation to democracy, pluralism, which is sometimes disrupted by the military coups occurred in the years 1960, 1971 and 1980 and 1997. Joined the Turkish Republic to NATO in 1952, and became a major force in the face of the expansion of the Soviet Union in the Mediterranean Sea. In 1974, Turkey invaded Cyprus in response to the Council's support for the Greek military coup against the regime there. The military operation ended with the victory of the Turkish troops, and the fall of the Greek junta in Athens after nine years.

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Tourism in spain

Introduction

Since the dawn of history, and this patch of land somewhere for the effects of sweeps and conflicts, but at the same time Mkzr culture and civilization massive absorbed a lot of civilizations and cultures, including Arab civilization which was in Andalusia, which spanned the southern half almost from Spain that we know today, and founded the cities like an ancient Cordoba, Seville and Granada. The Spaniards had a sufficient amount of wisdom in order to maintain these effects, cities and architectural treasures that they contain, which is the day of the most important elements of the tourist attractions in Spain as a whole.

Spain is the third country in the world in terms of the number of tourists, after France and China. The Catalonia region of Spain more areas of tourism, and after the Balearic Islands (Majorca, Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera), and the Canary Islands and Andalusia.

Tourist Guide to Spain

Communication and transportation

Associated roads and streets Spanish central network where there are six highways linking Madrid and the Basque Country and Catalonia, Valencia, West Andalusia (Andalusia) and Extremadura and Galicia. It also extends highway on the coast of the Atlantic (Ferrol to Vigo) and Cantabria (Oviedo to San Sebastián) and Mediterranean (Girona to Cádiz). The trains nerve Moaslatya centrally in Spanish life, where high-speed trains operate between Malaga and Seville, Madrid and Barcelona and Valladolid. On the level of air transport, airport constitutes a Mdur (Barajas) is the largest and busiest airports (ranked 11 in the world), also highlights Barcelona Airport (El Prat) as an international airport capacitor. There are other airports in Gran Canaria and Malaga, Valencia, Sevilla and Mallorca and Alicante and Bilbao.

Cellular phones in Spain by system GSM, and can talk via phone Profile in Spain through the purchase of a SIM card Medovuah advance because it is the cheapest means available. The companies operating in the area are: BT Mobile, Orange España, Pepephone, Simyo, Template: Spanish mobile operators, Vodafone Spain, Yoigo.

Weather and geography

Spain is located south-west of Europe, which occupies the majority of the Iberian Peninsula along with Portugal. Include Spain Alpilar Islands in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, which is the second largest country in Western Europe in terms of area. As Spain is divided into 17 autonomous group and independent cities. Featuring the Spanish mainland and Bhiab high mountain ranges such as the Sierra Nevada, and there are several rivers such as the head of his crown and Duero and Ebro and maintenance and the Grand Canyon. The alluvial plains stretching along the coast and the largest in the Grand Canyon in Andalusia.

Spain and consists of three areas climatically central: the Mediterranean climate of warm and dry in most of Spain; semi-arid climate in the south-eastern quarter and oceanic climate affected ocean currents.

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Tourism in Brazil

* Objective in this country that I'm talking about the samba in general without specifying anything special

   It has talked about players and coaches and its president and head of its union football but we Angsna reminded of their right to history and the most important advantages and the most important cities and mandates ..... etc.

   I loved to be objective about your country's beauty and the wonderful clean air

* Brazil's biggest and most populous area in South America, where it is the fifth country in the world in terms of area and Tstherbanteg coffee.

Brazil is a country with a strong economy classified as tenth in the list of countries according to their annual income where it passes the equator and where there are large parts of the Amazon River Veradiha so full of tropical forests or arable areas.

Area: 8547404 million square kilometers

   Currency: Brazilian Real (BRL)

Open international line: +55

Time difference from Greenwich: GMT -02: 00 To GMT -05: 00 (by state)

   Compared to the size of the state of the world: 6.6335% percent of the volume of trade

M

   The size of the state compared to the continent of South America: 49.5396% percent of the size of the continent

Population density than the world: 2.9357% percent of the world's population

Population density compared to the continent of South America: 54.2807% percent of the continent's population

Largest city: Sao Paulo

   Official language: Portuguese

   GNP per capita: $ 7.800

The most important cities:

  Brasilia (capital), Rudy Janeiro,

  Sao Paulo

Geographic Location

* Brazil occupies nearly half the area of ​​the South American continent and shares borders with all countries of the continent except Chile and Ecuador Faihdha north Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the Atlantic Ocean

    It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and is bordered to the south and is bounded to the west Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru.

   Etymology

* After a study conducted by Professor Adelino Osvado concluded that the word (Brazil) came from the language Colette It is possible that there will be the roots of the Phoenicians. In the era of empire known name and link tree (Pau Brazil) AF Wood Albrziluho any kind of trees grow in Brazil tends to red and was exported to Europe for the manufacture of paint. And in 1967 in the reign of the military to the government the name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil and used the name to this day.

   Geography

* Heights Agheiana form a natural border of the country with all of Venezuela and Guiana. In the north of the country there are the plains of the Amazon Basin in the South Pacific or hand there are many mountain ranges were comparable to the low-rise high in some areas in 2900 AD

The highest peaks of the country they are Pico da Nblina near the border of Brazil and Venezuela above 3014 m above sea level. But Amazon is Okpronhar world in terms of flow, volume and passes dramatically in Brazilian territory and also penetrate rivers and Albarana Alaijuaso and the Black River or the Rio Negro and the Sao Francisco and Shingo and Madeira. Brazil and track several islands in the Atlantic Ocean, namely:

The island of St. Peter and Paul.

Fernando da Noronha.

Rocas Atoll.

Trendadeh and Martim.

Brazil is the

* Of the most famous countries in the world in the field of medical tourism because of its elements abundant natural, and there are excursions Navy in the River Amazon, who is going where steamers giant and often the celebrities of the world visit the river and enjoy the tourism river within its waters through ships and regulating travel agencies there are flights from Brazilian cities

    Even the city of Iquitos in Peru and in the Republic of South kicks off river cruises across the River Uruguay in Prata At River Plate River near Buenos Aires, the Argentine capital.

   The Amazon forests are adored amateur safari trips where natural forests include the dense tropical Amazon

   The largest number of animals and birds in the world, and scientists estimate that the number of nearly six million type

  And live in the rivers of Brazil 3000 species of fish such as fish Albraroko which is the largest freshwater fish in the world and has a

   Two meters in length and weigh 125 kg and despite their large size, but they are peaceful and do not attack the thickness of human beings in most cases.

Has enjoyed the tropical forests in the Amazon Prize (World Natural Heritage) by UNESCO in 2000 and 2003

  When you are inside a giant tropical forests in the Amazon you'll feel like you're among those little dwarf tall trees

The lush nor exclamation point if the tourist guide you to take a small crocodile and pay you for his commitment and will learn

  Medical secrets from the tribes living in the area and will drink the water from inside the trees and see the colored apes

  Teetering on the huge branches of the tree in the forest that so-called (the lungs of the world) and you see the size of the iris flowers the table and eat

  Fruit not imagine they exist in our world.

In addition to the tourism potential of natural and marine Brazil is a big market for shopping enthusiasts and businessmen

And investors because of its rich natural resources such as iron ore, uranium, diamonds, aquamarine and emerald

  In addition to the famous Brazilian coffee.

It was the inauguration of the city (Brasilia) officially on April 21, 1960 to begin its functions as the capital of Brazil's new

   It was originally a rectangle within the mandate of Goias in the center of the country and was built during the reign of President Juscelino Kubitschek and enjoy

Brasilia, the beauty of the designs of buildings and green spaces of dry savanna landscape with magician

  If you are going in the streets of Brasilia, it should inhale the acrid smell of coffee coming from the Brazilian cafes in the city streets.

The city of Sao Paulo is called b (Mermaid) and is located at an altitude of 760 meters above sea level and is one of the most

  Coffee cities in the world with 20 thousand factory for milk only from all types and sizes and is the first market for the export of coffee in the world.

The ancient capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil still retains its position of cultural They contain many museums

And shrines of historical and archaeological centers and its beautiful beaches, mountains and forests, making it the most beautiful cities in the world

  Also called (marvelous city) and there Cuba and Cabana Beach and Ipanema and the bay is the most beautiful bays of the world has been sung by

Inspired poets and writers in the air space of literary novels.

There is the city of Salvador, capital of Bahia state the first main port and capital of the colony of Brazil for nearly two centuries

And is located between the hills of lush tropical beaches and broad parallel Todos os Santos Bay and highlight the beaches

   The Heritage Houses and green squares also highlights the influence of African culture in the making of the Brazilian dishes beginning of many spices

Which still carries the same name, such as the African (Karooro, Vattaba, Okarajah) and even the rituals and habits holidays and public events.

There is a modern and sophisticated city of Belo Horizonte rich universities, museums, public libraries and playgrounds

As the city of Curitiba attract visitors to enjoy the climate, and its glamorous lifestyle and comfortable

The Rsiver they harbor built parallel to the white sandy beaches and tropical palm trees and perilous called

Tourists (Venice Brazil) relative to the large number of Italian Venetian waterways and streams and river cruises

Deployed and where it is surrounded by rocks and reefs where anglers frequently so it is a magnet for tourists who love marine life and aquatic.

Tourism in Brazil to meet the wishes of tourists coming from different parts of the world on a mixed orientation and attitudes, including

Those seeking tranquility and stillness of nature where accommodation in huts built of tropical herbs that give sight

And a special taste for the rain that falls most hours of the day and in most months of the year.

And eco-tourism capture the interest of many people, especially those coming from the bustling cities and capitals, or those wishing to

The enjoyment of the holiday tourist quiet re-balance them years of continuous work.

The stand area (Manwas) as the most important areas of eco-tourism in Brazil, and is home to about 12 cities are all located in the Amazon region

  And including the city and the city Manwas Vigor Lido being Alnnigero River in the region which is characterized by a natural and aesthetic advantages fantastic

  And it meets the river with the Solimoes River to form the Amazon River and is embodied by the beauty of the rivers where they met hold parallel

  And close together for several kilometers without mingle.

There are also Mentzhan Baian Hamann located in that region and Attracts the attention and admiration of tourists and two park Alnnigero

  The park Aikolojikal Park, which is an area rich in natural beauty and Rionegro The park is considered a region rich in diversity

Caused by several factors, including: the cultures and traditions of the local communities that live in the Amazon rain forest.

Brazil is home to an important area of eco-tourism areas, an area (Onawilhansa), which is the second largest tourist resort aqueous

  It consists of 400 islands and hundreds of lakes water super beauty and tourists can wander between the boat

  These picturesque islands and enjoy the breathtaking beauty.

Holidays

January 1: the beginning of the calendar year

April 21: Tiradentes holiday in honor of the revolution of Minas Gerais in 1789 against Albertgalin.

   May 1: Festival of workers to honor workers.

   September 7: Festival of independence (independence of Brazil from the Portuguese occupation).

October 12: Festival Patroness of Brazil (Nossa Senhora Aparecida): in honor of the patron saint of Brazil.

2

  November: on the dead (to visit the graves).

November 15: Proclamation of the Republic of Brazil when he turned to the Republic of empire.

December 25: Holiday celebration of the birth of Christ.

There are some non-specific holidays the Carnival holiday and day of Christ's death and the Easter holiday.

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Tourism in switzerland

Introduction

Switzerland is the state of the Alps, surrounded by land from all destinations with it contains more than 1,500 Lake, between large and modest. Where a high level of life and its economy stable. In the north and west of Germany, France and southern Italy and eastern Austria.

Switzerland is famous for its magnificent landscapes and mountains and lakes, where you play Toborgravea where a central role in shaping the economy, culture and political traditions, in addition to its great international tourism. Aftbiatha mountain made ​​it difficult to develop than traditional agricultural system, forcing the population to look for different industries and productions, most notably milk, cheese, chocolate, watches smart.

Switzerland has a Btnoaah large and very rich ethnicities, languages, cultures, customs and traditions. Three-quarters of the population speak Swiss German dialect and the rest between frenchifying, Italian and Romansh, and other languages ​​such as Arabic rates low and Hinduism. All of this has arisen in light of long-standing democratic tradition since the mid-eighteenth century with Zman autonomy relative to all Kantonadtha 26.

Due to its strategic decision since the mid-eighteenth century, not to run Aharobac and conflicts, it has been characterized by the nature of neutral, which turned it into the headquarters of international organizations and international work on the cosmic level, has resulted in a legal amendment ensures complete confidentiality of bank accounts to be converted to the capital of international finance and banking.

Switzerland is a country of first-class tourist, attraction where strong and beautiful and is ahead of you in pompous analyzed in June and July ...

Building political

Nature of the system: a federal parliamentary system.

The nature of the ruling and title: Head of State.

Name Capital: Bern.

Number of provinces / Petty: Switzerland is formed of 26 cantons each with broad autonomy in many areas. These cantons and fall under the Federal Parliament consists of a comprehensive "Council cantons" (two for each Canton and a member of each half canton) and the "National Council" and the 200-member proportionally with the size of each canton. Each canton is divided into a number of local authorities. In total there are in Switzerland 2,889 different local authority.

Geography

Area: 41,277 km Arabs.

Population: 7655628 inhabitants (2012 estimate).

Geographical features and landmarks: Switzerland is one of the smallest European countries, and is bordered to the north of Germany, Italy and the south of France and Austria to the west from the east. It extends to the Alps and across the main crossings that penetrate this mountain chain and link status of Europe and south, and between France and South-Eastern Europe.

Switzerland consists of mountains and hills. And more than one area of ​​rising from the sea more than 1000 meters. And can be diagnosed by the presence of three regions stretching from the southwest to the northeast: the Jura mountains, and the so-called Middle Earth Plateau Switzerland (Le Plateau Suisse) and the Alps. Switzerland is also considered one of the richest European countries where water and nearly 1550 small lake and large tables and many springs. Among these many floods, there is only three rivers considered Kanhar centralized and large: River Alar (Aar) and the River Rhine and the Rhone River.

The water turned heavy and varied topography Switzerland is home to a large and diverse to different plants and trees, and especially the diverse forests and different, such as oak and beech forests and fir and others.

Longitude and latitude: Switzerland is located between Longitude 8 ° 0 '0 "in the north and the risk of width 47 ° 0' 0" East.

Community

Nationalities: characterized by the distribution of population in Switzerland as diverse as the administrative structure. And more densely populated areas are the cantons cities, especially those scattered around Basel, Geneva and Zurich. The greater the height of the residential area less congestion. In the mountains of Alar Alazdam average, while the Alpine cantons characterized by low population density, with higher density in large lawns stretching around the Alps.

Switzerland is characterized by internal migration between the cantons and the areas of differences and make distributions ethnic, religious and linguistic less obvious. The majority of the population of Switzerland from German groups, with minorities speak Italian and French. And constitute a minority of foreign residents and temporary approximately 22% of the population, with its origins in 60% of them to the European Union and the "European Association for Free Trade" (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland and Khtnstein). The Italians are the largest foreign group where the proportion of up to 17.3% of the total foreigners, followed by Germans (13.2%), Serbs and Almontngrion (11.5%) and Portuguese (11.3%). The Aseralanikon largest group of foreigners in Switzerland of Asia. Switzerland is experiencing in recent years, a remarkable increase in hostility to foreigners.

Demographics: Religion: Although the Swiss Constitution begins with the words "name of the Lord," but that Switzerland is a secular state and has no official religion. The Catholic Christianity most widespread (41.8%) and Protestant (35.5%) and 11% do not owe a certain doctrine. The Islamic religion in fourth place (4.3%), the majority of Kosovars and Bosnians, Turks, and there is a minority of Eastern Orthodox (1.8%), and there are other religious minorities such as Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism.

Official language: in Switzerland has four official languages​​: German, French, Italian and Romansh.

Other languages​​: talking about 75% of the population of Switzerland, the German language, where the Swiss German dialect controlled the Switzerland of Central and north and the north-east. And speaks French nearly 19% of the population, mainly in the west and south-west of Switzerland, while congregate speaking in Italian (approximately 4%) in some meadows Grobndn, and speaks nearly 50,000 people speak Romansh, with almost all Swiss speak at least two languages ​​of the state.

To prevent confusion and multiplicity of languages ​​in official publications, the official name of Switzerland contained in all the stamps is "Hlfatya" (Helvetia) which is the ancient name of the state in Latin. The two characters who symbolize for Switzerland in the names of Web sites or auto numbers are CH, an acronym for the name of the state Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica (Confederate Alhlfatyh).

Date

Old Date: settled in the area known today as Switzerland Celtic tribes since 1500 BC. The housing area is also Alhlvatyon, In the Roman era Romania adopted the culture and the Latin language. After the fall of the Romanian Empire Germanic tribes occupied the area, and then later turned the region to the control of the Kingdom of Franks (France today). After the death of the great Carl Tksmt region between Luther and the German Ludwig, in the framework of an agreement Verdun. The form of this Agreement and the subsequent developments in the ethnic composition of Switzerland Germans, French and Italians, and the nucleus of the small Natqah Baromanceh, they are the descendants of the indigenous Celts in Switzerland. After the control of a number of rulers in this region have undergone in 1033 to control the Romanian Christian Empire.

Switzerland has begun to form a separate political framework through the "eternal alliance", which occurred in 1291 and designed the system of relations between the first three cantons (Uri, Switzerland and Oontrvaldn), and form the nucleus of the Swiss Confederation. This union has sought to defend the cantons in the face of the control of the house of Habsburg. In 1315 these cantons forced to defend the alliance against the army in the battle of Alhbsbergui Morgrtin. These conflicts have formed the nucleus of the growth of the myth of Wilhelm request, the Swiss national hero, who fought Herman Guslr, the governor of the Austrian despot. The success of these three cantons in maintaining their independence to other areas to join the coalition to form the nucleus of degree 13 Cantona and a supplement and an ally, an area largely match the area of ​​the state of contemporary Swiss.

Switzerland was the period of the Protestant Reformation in the field of activity of the Protestant evangelization, where the conflict between the Protestant and Catholic civil war unresolved topic clearly. Switzerland almost did not participate in the Thirty Years' War, with the exception of the conflict waged by Canton Grobndan who was an ally of Switzerland, on the meadow Holtlina versus France and Spain, a conflict that helped shape the national identity of Switzerland.

Contemporary history: Switzerland was until 1798 a confederation of semi-independent states. At this year's French forces occupied a subsidiary of the French Revolution and the state announced by the "Republic of Hlfatyh," as a single and united with central rule. This arrangement was abolished in 1803 by Napoleon, who on Switzerland to federal. In 1815, in the wake of the "Congress of Vienna", took place in Zurich, "a federal agreement" to re-shape former political Switzerland: a confederation of independent and impartial small countries with a sovereign independent judgment.

The internal wrangling led between liberals and conservatives and between Protestants and Catholics, to establish an alliance between the six counties and Catholic cantons, in 1847, calling itself the "Zondrbund." This was contrary to the coalition agreement the federal therefore launched a war on the rest of the cantons "Zondrbund" and dismantled. The war was "Zondrbund" the last war, which ignites on Swiss territory, and in 1848 led to the drafting of a new constitution under which the country turned into a confederation of states into a federal state (vehicle of self-governing cantons internal, but not sovereign), its capital, Bern.

And the granting of the Constitution of 1848 and later the Constitution of 1874 and in 1891 expanded rights to the central system, and canceled the broad independence, which was granted to the cantons. Founded in 1863 in Switzerland, the International Red Cross in Switzerland ratified the 1864 Geneva Convention on the first. Switzerland has become the headquarters for international destinations and a place known Lakeadath political. I have taken the League of Nations, the Geneva-based Tltht and many NGOs.

In the period between the two world wars remained in Switzerland perseverance principle of neutrality did not arming. The neutrality of Switzerland and the evolution of the banking system in 1934, which was based on complete secrecy, led to economic growth in Switzerland, while European countries have suffered the devastation of wars Alkonatan.

Switzerland today is a liberal democracy in the heart of Europe with a thriving economy. The Swiss referee system includes elements of direct democracy and the use of so much public referendums. However, where women are granted the right to vote not only in 1971 and in 1979 broke away from the canton of Jura canton of Bern, who was a follower of his, this has been the recent change that has occurred on the number and area of ​​the Swiss cantons.

Did not join Switzerland to EU membership, but fall under the agreement the European Association for Free Trade (EFTA), a framework parallel to the Union, which was held in 1960, however, and unlike the rest of the other CIS (Iceland, Belgium and Khtnstein) that regulate trade with Europe in the framework of "European Economic Area "(EEA), Switzerland regulate trade ties with Europe, according to bilateral agreements. Switzerland did not join the United Nations as a full member only in 2002.

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Tourism in Malizia

Introduction

State of interesting and exciting stretch on two large islands separated by the South China Sea. From the western side of the Sea is located in Peninsular Malaysia is located east of Borneo, which is divided between them and Indonesia. Has been influenced by the history of this country events and movements and migrations and invasions since the dawn of history, so that they form a mixture rich in Malaysia and sexy of cultures and religions, including Islam, Buddhism, Christianity and Chinese, not to mention the many small cultures spanning different regions.

This is reflected in the rich cultural and civilizational in food, clothing, architecture, rituals and folk customs and daily life, and for any tourist, the mobility between regions and cultures in Malaysia is the journey of life, and a lesson in tolerance and the ability to invest the differences and the distinctions in order to get rich human and utility.

The vast majority of the population in Malaysia are Muslims, but Malaysia is not a country in the militant Islamic Sharia, on many levels. Malaysia has witnessed revolutions technology, media and science in recent years, which is today one of the most advanced countries of East Asia.

Orientations enormous made ​​it a target of a major tourist attraction on the international level and on the level of the Arab and Islamic world. Froaj this country tourists between the Arabs and Muslims to pay towards the recent strength of the Arab presence at all levels, and there is a new scheme to build the first Arab city in Malaysia soon.

You can not get tired of forest and islands and marine life. You have to be careful for the different regions and cultures, but Malaysia remains a boon for tourists as the State of cheap shopping and more than 300 product is exempt from taxes.

Building political

Nature of the system: state ownership of electoral constitutional federalism.

The nature of the ruling and title: Sultan (king).

Name Capital: Kuala Lumpur.

Number of provinces / Petty: Malaysia is composed of 13 states, where the 11 states in Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo Olaatan in, and to her three federal regions. Each state is composed of the regions, so-called smallest division in each region "Mokim." Federal Territories three are: the mandate and the mandate of the Federal Kuala Lumpur Labuan Federal and mandate of the Federal Putrajaya. The other 13 states are: Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Njeri Smpelln, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Penang, Sabah, Selangor, Terengganu and Sarawak.

Geography

Area: 330 803 square kilometers (127 354 square miles).

Population: 28334135 inhabitants (2010 statistics).

Geographical features and landmarks: Malaysia is a country interesting and unusual hand Tksimitha geographical and political boundaries, where the line between naughty Malaysia South China Sea. It is located east Malaysian Borneo and in the western side of the Malay Peninsula. It features sections western and eastern coastal plains, which rises in a large number of places the problem of hills and mountains covered with dense forests, the top of Mount Kinabalu and a height of 4,095.2 meters on the island of Borneo. Separated by the Strait of Malacca between Sumatra island and peninsular Malaysia, one of the most important shipping lanes in the world, while the Johor Strait separates it from Singapore.

Kuala Lumpur is the official capital and the largest city in Malaysia and the main center of trade and economic, while Putrajaya constitute the federal capital and managerial. Among the major cities in Malaysia: George Town and Ipoh and Johor Baru and Kuching and Kota Kinabalu and Miri and Alor Star and Malacca and Kuala Terengganu and Kota Baru and Kuantan and Batalling Jaya.

Longitude and latitude: Malaysia is located between Longitude 3 ° 8 'north latitude 101 ° 41' east.

Community

Nationalities: Malaysia is composed of several ethnic groups, the largest of Malays who are Muslims and practicing Malay tradition and culture (50.4%) and then Albomeybotra (11%), they are the indigenous people of the non-Malays. There are also other races at rates as low as ethnic Thai and Khmer and Altcham and indigenous people in the morning and Sarawaq, and Orang Asli in the peninsula. The origins of many Malaysians of being sailors of the assets of Javanese and Bugis and Manang, came from Indonesia between the seventeenth century and the early twentieth century.

The Malaysians of Chinese origin accounted for 23.7%, and Malaysians of Indian origin around 7.1%. And Peranakan ("straits born") are the families of Chinese and Indian settled in Malaysia in Malacca, comes with most of the races of the Chinese and Indian immigrants who came during the colonial period. As stated by European (British, Dutch and Bertgaleon) and Arabs during the colonial period, and integrated marriage of Christians and Muslims, where you will find in Malaysia ethnic group of Hadhrami from the Arabian Peninsula. Please find in Malaysia, other minorities such as Filipinos and Burmese and a small number of Vietnamese.

Concentrated nearly 20 million people in the Malay Peninsula, while East Malaysia dwell nearly 7 million people. There are also a large number of legal foreign workers and nearly one million illegal.

Religions: the religion of Islam is the official religion in most Malaysian states and the largest number of religions, despite the fact that Malaysian society multi-religious society. Muslims constitute about 60.4% of the population, while the form of Buddhism (19.2%), Christians (9.1%), Hindus (6.3%) and Confucianism, Taoism and other Chinese religions (2.6%). There are a few religions and marginal notably biotechnology and popular religion, Sikhism. The dominant religion in the Christian community Albomeybotra (50.1%).

The official religion: There are no official religion supported in all of Malaysia.

Malaysian constitution guarantees religious freedom, in what is considered the Shafi'i school is the doctrine which walks Conceived as religious judges in Malaysia.

Official Language: Malay.

Other languages​​: Malaysia is a multi-ethnic cultures and languages​​. As the Malays make up the majority of the population (as a group Bumiputra), the mother tongue is Malay (Bahasa Malaysia), and is considered the national language. To part, English is used widely in the major cities. Among the vernacular languages ​​and common language Sanskrit or caustic with Sanskrit assets used by the Malays. It also brought the Indian Muslims Javanese language based on the Arabic script, and became popular with Islam being studied Vantstr among all classes. And the effects of the occupation of the European system of teaching writing in Latin and Sanskrit place Javanese.

The talk of the Chinese community in Malaysia several Chinese dialects, including Mandarin and Cantonese, and Alhokyin Alhaka and Tauccio. Spread between English and Chinese in major cities such as Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya and Klang and Ipoh and Penang. It also speaks little of the language of Creole Alawroasewean, while strain speaks the language of immigrants from the Philippines Havacano.

Date

Old Date: back human impacts in Malaysia to a prehistoric age, ie to approximately 40,000 years ago. Scientists believe that Malaysians are descendants of the ancient farmers first Balostrunezih speakers, who have integrated and united with the indigenous population. The ancestors of the first Malay more diverse, and some of them linked to the roots in Indochina from the time of the last great ice age, approximately 20,000 years ago. After that there has been a proliferation of early Holusena across the Malay Peninsula to the island of South East Asia, and the ancestors of the first group in the Malay Peninsula, which used metal tools, they direct predecessor to the people of the Malay Malaysian current.

Indians knew the old Malay Peninsula Sovarnadwiba or on behalf of the "Golden Peninsula", and appeared on the map of Ptolemy under the name "Golden Alcheronez." At the beginning of the first century AD arrived traders and settlers from India and China, where the foundations of Chinese and Indian commercial ports and towns in the region in the second and third centuries centuries. In the first centuries of the first millennium, the population embraced the Malay Peninsula Indian religions of Hinduism, Buddhism and Sanskrit used.

The empire of Angkasuka one of the first known kingdoms that dominated the Malaysia, where stationed in the north of the Malay Peninsula around Tasik Cini. And between the seventh and thirteenth underwent most of Peninsular Malaysia to the Srivijaya empire, which was centered in Palembang on the island of Sumatra. Has attacked the Emperor Rajendra Chola Ganga Negara first area in the years 1025-1026, and its control over the region led to the decline in the greatness of Srivijaya, a kingdom dominated the Indonesian Kedah, Pattani and down to the Jaguars. After the fall of Srivijaya, Majapahit Empire dominated stationed in Java on most parts of Indonesia and the Malaysian peninsula and the coast of the island of Borneo.

In the early fifteenth century, created the Prince of Palembang Baramesuara dynasty and the Sultanate of Malacca. The occupation of the city to escape Balimbang and many others. Baramesuara then sailed to Temasek to escape persecution. Baramesuara then went north and founded a new settlement in Muar, where he wanted to build his kingdom Baramesuara new Biaoak Bosuk or in Kuta Borok, founded the city of Malacca after Terhal current. Then the safest Baramesuara after his marriage to Princess Pasay and took the title of "Shah", calling himself Iskandar Shah. Then Islam has become commonplace under his rule and later during the fifteenth century, the fact that the Kingdom of Malacca prominent force in the peninsula, where Islam spread towards neighboring countries, and by the beginning of the sixteenth century became the dominant religion among Malays.

In 1511 occupied Portugal Malaga, and established a colony there. Then fought three forces for control of the Strait of Malacca: Portugal (in Malacca), Johor, and Aceh, where the conflict continued until 1641, when it was dominated by the Dutch allied with Johor.

Contemporary history: Britain established the first colonies in the Malay Peninsula in 1786, after renting a British East India Company to the island of Penang from the Sultan of Kedah. In 1824, the British took control of Malacca after the Anglo-Dutch Treaty in 1824, which divided the Malay archipelago between Britain and the Netherlands. In 1826, she founded the United Kingdom crown colony of the Straits Settlements, so a unified four possessions in Malay: Penang and Malacca, Singapore, and the island of Labuan.

In the late 19th century, has adopted many of the Malaysian states on British help in resolving internal conflicts, which revolved around the tin. The treaty paved the Bangkor (1874), to expand the influence of the British in Malaya. With the turn of the century, were the states of Pahang and Selangor and Negeri Sembilan and Perak, known together as the states of the United Malays (not to be confused with the Federation of Malaya), were under the effective control of the British population. States have undergone the remaining five countries known as the Malay non-consolidated, to consult with the British early twentieth century. Johor was the only state that has maintained its independence throughout most of the nineteenth century.

During World War II strengthened the desire of national independence, and after the Japanese invasion and occupation of Malaya. At some point after the war and put Britain's plans to unify the management in Malaysia under the colony and single crown and invited the Federation of Malaya, but he was not pleased as it should as a result of strong opposition by the Malays, Vanhal this union and was replaced in 1948, the Federation of Malaya Fed, which has proved the autonomy of the rulers of the Malay states under British protection.

Then he began rebels of the Communist Party of Malaya internal war to expel the British from Malaya, where the continued state of emergency in Malaya between 1948-1960, and included a long campaign of Commonwealth troops to fight the insurgency. Then grant the Union in the framework of the Commonwealth of Independence on August 31 / August 1957.

In 1963, formed Malaya, Sabah (British North Borneo) and Sarawak State of Malaysia and Singapore, while pulled the Sultanate of Brunei. The proposed date for the declaration of Malaysia, August 31 / August 1963, but the opposition Indonesian government led by Sukarno delayed so Vtalv team from the United Nations to make sure that the desire of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia to join. Passed the first years of independence dispute with Indonesia over the formation of Malaysia, to Singapore graduated from Union in 1965, in addition to ethnic conflicts. She returned the morning of the Philippines based on the allegation that the Sultanate of Brunei ceded to the Sultanate of Sulu in the morning for in 1704, and is still the issue with Filbenaalqh. Since ethnic riots on May 13 / May 1969, Malaysia has maintained the balance of ethnic and political accurate.

The government under Mahathir bin Mohammed, Malaysia has seen years between eighty and ninety mid significant economic growth, as this period was characterized by the transformation of the agricultural economy to an industrial economy in areas such as computers and electronic consumables. It also resulted in some large-scale projects to bring about changes in Malaysia, such as the Petronas Twin Towers and Kuala Lumpur International Airport and the highway between the north and the south and the Sepang International Circuit and multimedia corridor Ripper Bakun Hydroelectric Dam and the administrative capital of Putrajaya, the new federal.

Elected King of Malaysia for a term of five years from among the nine sultans of the Malay States, while not involved four other States election. And enjoy judicial power independently of the authorities and Alhariaah Atidah, and building political in Malaysia affected much English. There Berlmanan composed of two chambers: the House of Representatives (Bureau Rakyat) and the Senate (Bureau Negara), and each state has its own legislative council (Divan Ondangan Negeri). And manages the executive authority of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.

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