Introduction
It seems that there is nothing written about France and Paris, has not written before. This is true!
France is an ancient country, its history, which is full of organic and essential part of the European continent since the Romanian Empire. It has grown and established over the centuries like the house of the people, which is dear father of contemporary French people. The capital, Paris is well known by all standards, which itself is similar in size and capacity of the state and its diversity.
France is a country western and secular to the core. Separated religion from the state in order for all to practice their Emmanathm and autonomy and individualism out of the public sphere, which won her the nature free and comfortable for its inhabitants and their tourists.
France is characterized by a multiplicity of terrain: Fjnoppea runs on the Mediterranean Sea, where the famous French Alrviera its golden beaches and coastal cities Massaifaa and attractive. To the west, the Alps and Europe's highest peak (Mont Blanc), which turned the area into a huge tourist center for lovers of mountain climbing, skiing and skating. It also extends along the vast plains of France and stunning natural scenery captures the pulp and mind.
Major cities in France, a large and rich culture, shopping, arts and architecture brilliant. Curfew in the French cities no less beautiful for curfew between landscapes. It is a state of specials cities, where the majority of cities are characterized by tourist special character of each, earns roaming in this republic beautiful, elegant and always constant.
Not the most beautiful of a long holiday in France, which trains Trkpon fast and sophisticated Taatngulwn from one city to another, from one climate to another, all natural and harmony.
Building political
Nature of the system: a presidential republic.
The nature of the ruling and title: President of the Republic.
Name the capital: Paris.
Number of provinces / Petty: The system consists of the administrative building in France hierarchy, consists of five levels: 1) area (Région); 2) territory (Département); 3) administrative service (Arrondissement); 4) Directorate (Canton); 5) Municipality (Commune). France and consists of 27 area 0.22 which exist within the borders of France known European, and five of which are located overseas. The areas are divided into 101 regions, and these regions in turn are divided into 341 administrative department is divided into the Directorate of 4032, and within the municipality of 36,680. The divided three municipalities large and Paris, Lyon and Marseille to the neighborhoods of the municipality to facilitate the management.
Geography
Area: 643 801 square kilometers.
Population: 65630692 people (recent estimates).
Geographical features and landmarks: the French Republic is composed of two main parts: the large section Indeed, in Western Europe, and the second section, which consists of some small territories in North America, the Caribbean and South America, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and Antarctica. France is characterized by the multiplicity of large landscapes beautiful, from the plains and coasts (two-thirds of the Republic) and mountains (south-west) and the Alps (south-east). It features a central France areas of high and rocky and forested, and where the river basin destruction. The mountains of France and the main highlights are the Alps (the highest summit of Mont Blanc) and the Pyrenees and the Jura Les Ardenne and Omasev Central and regiment.
France and the limits of the West, the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, the English Channel and the south Mediterranean. The states that are bordered by Spain and Andorra (South), Italy, Switzerland and German (East), Luxembourg, Belgium (north). France also has a good number of large rivers such as the Rhone, Seine, Loire, Garonne and Alkmarj. It also contains the rocky and forested regions in the middle and hot water installations, medical and sports sites mountainous.
Longitude and latitude: France extends between Longitude 50 "'8 ° 13 East Greenwich longitude 5 ° 8'25" west of Greenwich, and between latitude '41 ° 20 latitude '51 ° 05 north of the equator.
Community
Nationalities: living in France for nearly 5 million immigrants, nearly two million of whom have French nationality. France is the most Western European countries accommodating for Migration. In terms of ethnic Valtksama are as follows: 92%, French 0.3% North Africans 0.2%, German 0.1% Brittanyen and 2% from other ethnic groups such as the Basques and Alkatalanyen.
Religion: There are many religions in France are all living under the principle of freedom of religion, which is a constitutional right. According to 2006 data, the Altksama religious in France as follows: 51% Catholic Christians 0.31% atheists or not Adrion (Alognusteh) 0.10% belonging to other faiths or no opinion 0.4% Muslims, 0.3% Christians Protestant and 1% of the Jews.
Has formed the basis of the Muslim community in the wake of the colonization of Algeria in thirty years, and the waves of immigration began in the sixty seventy years in the last century, where the religion of Islam has become the second largest religion in France after Catholicism. It is estimated that the number of Muslims in France by 5-8 million people, and tend to live in their own areas, where the proportion reached in some urban centers from a third to half of the population in the younger age groups.
In 1905, France enacted a law recognizing the separation of religion from the state and prevents the state from recognizing any religion or financing, where France has adopted secularism (laïcité) approach her. Therefore, the identity of which grew and grew up in France, is a French national identity pure and far from any religious appearance.
Official Language: French is the only official language in France since 1992.
Other languages: despite the fact that French is the only official there, but that France contains 77 zonal languages such as Catalan and Occitan and Alsatian. The French education system tried to suppress these languages, but they taught today in some schools also. There are also other foreign languages such as Portuguese, Arabic, Berber and others.
Date
Join Old: The origins of human existence on earth to French pre nearly 500 thousand years from today, where the old man lived there at various times prehistoric. Has settled in Gaul (they Klta people). In the first century BC occupied Julius Caesar "dearly" (home of Gaul) and Empire annexed to Romania, and so had a population Alromagntin culture and language, which were Latin and French language evolved ones. In the course of the fifth century, Germanic tribes invaded dearly was the most prominent tribe franc, which was the first tribes that embraced Catholicism therefore received France and then the title of "virgin daughter of the Church".
United the kingdoms of the Franks in 771 under the authority of Karl the Great who united what we know today Cgrb Germany, France and northern Italy in within a large and powerful empire. After his death Tksmt this empire to "Frankea" Eastern, Central and Western. Included Kingdom Bank, almost all the space upon which France today and formed the basis for the establishment of the French monarchy. And developed in the region during the tenth century feudal culture reached its peak in the fourteenth century. After a hundred years of war, in the middle of the fifteenth century, the greater the strength of property until it reached absolute power. The most famous kings of this period is King Louis XIV. The population in France was in the custody of the most numerous among the population of other European kingdoms and the most influential. France also occupied other colonies in America, Africa and Asia.
Contemporary history: in 1789 erupted in France, the French Revolution, which passed in stages violent manifested in the execution of Louis XVI and his wife Marie-Antoinette and thousands of other citizens. After several years of Republican rule dominated by Napoleon Bonaparte to rule and began a period Hrobath that his army which occupied the majority of the European continent (and some parts of Asia). After his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo (1815), Napoleon was forced to relinquish ownership rule and returned to France with constitutional constraints. In 1848, in the wake of another rebellion, was the announcement of the second republic has withstood three years, to assume the rule of dictator after another is Napoleon III.
Have resulted in defeat in the Franco-Prussian war and rebellion that took place in the state in 1871 to retire from Napoleon III and the declaration of the Third Republic. It also led to the Franco-Prussian War, German and install the Czarist to build enmity and hatred between France and Germany, and in the wake of the annexation of Alsace-Germany Lorne. In 1904, France entered into an alliance with the United Kingdom under the name of "friendly alliance" (Entente Cordiale), then joined the Empire to this alliance also in 1907.
Joined France in the First World War to the Allied nations against nations the center, and that after the announcement of Germany war on France in 1914 has resulted in activity of the German army in the Battle of Verdun (1916) and the failure of the coalition in the spring that followed, to almost total collapse in the French army, where witnessed many cases of escape. She arrived American troops to the front line in large numbers in April / April 1918, and this led to the coup verse in favor of the coalition countries in a series of battles took place on French territory. Despite the victory in the war was a bad economic situation, especially as a result of the global crisis in 1929 and the cost of the war.
With the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in 1939 and the start of World War II, France declared war on Germany. In May / May 1940, Germany invaded France. He succeeded in the modern German army victory over the French army during the six weeks and surrendered France. This led to the surrender split France into two camps: France "territories", which included the entire northern France and the Atlantic coast, and France "Vichy" administered by the Government of dolls control of the Germans. The Charles de Gaulle fled to England and founded there "Free France", which included the French fought alongside the Allies. With the invasion of Allied forces in Normandy Beach June 6, 1944, began the liberation of France, and in the August 26 / August 1944 General de Gaulle entered Paris was liberated by Allied forces. In 1945, with the liberation of the rest of the French territory, the Vichy government dissolved and its leaders arrested.
After the war began French colonies insurgency, in the first India-China, and there is a revolution led to the withdrawal of France from the region in 1954, and then in Algeria (resigned in 1962). Even today, France is of a very few countries that still have colonies (French Guiana and New Caledonia, and others). The war in Algeria led to the fall of the Fourth Republic in 1958, which was a parliamentary democracy is weak and fragile, and replace it with the Republic of fifth-based centralized presidential system and strong. In May / May 1968 was in France for a general strike led by university students demanding greater freedoms and opponents of the policy of the rule of Charles de Gaulle. These protests have led to a weakening of de Gaulle and his resignation in 1969.
And follow President Jacques Chirac, who took power in 1995, foreign policy, a solid, independent, and although France has participated actively in the activities of the NATO (NATO) in the Balkans in the ninety years, they opposed the war on Iraq and the policy of President George W.. Bush. And characterize the rule of President Nicolas Sarkozy (2007-2012) inclination towards the right and closer to the United States. At the internal level, taking away Sarkozy to a market economy, prompting him cash at supporters of the welfare state.
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